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Guide for adding Windows Nodes in Kubernetes

The Kubernetes platform can now be used to run both Linux and Windows containers. One or more Windows nodes can be registered to a cluster. This guide shows how to:

Before you begin

Getting Started: Adding a Windows Node to Your Cluster

Plan IP Addressing

Kubernetes cluster management requires careful planning of your IP addresses so that you do not inadvertently cause network collision. This guide assumes that you are familiar with the Kubernetes networking concepts.

In order to deploy your cluster you need the following address spaces:

Subnet / address range Description Default value
Service Subnet A non-routable, purely virtual subnet that is used by pods to uniformly access services without caring about the network topology. It is translated to/from routable address space by kube-proxy running on the nodes. 10.96.0.0/12
Cluster Subnet This is a global subnet that is used by all pods in the cluster. Each node is assigned a smaller /24 subnet from this for their pods to use. It must be large enough to accommodate all pods used in your cluster. To calculate minimumsubnet size: (number of nodes) + (number of nodes * maximum pods per node that you configure). Example: for a 5 node cluster for 100 pods per node: (5) + (5 * 100) = 505. 10.244.0.0/16
Kubernetes DNS Service IP IP address of kube-dns service that is used for DNS resolution & cluster service discovery. 10.96.0.10

Review the networking options supported in ‘Intro to Windows containers in Kubernetes: Supported Functionality: Networking’ to determine how you need to allocate IP addresses for your cluster.

Components that run on Windows

While the Kubernetes control plane runs on your Linux node(s), the following components are configured and run on your Windows node(s).

  1. kubelet
  2. kube-proxy
  3. kubectl (optional)
  4. Container runtime

Get the latest binaries from https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/releases, starting with v1.14 or later. The Windows-amd64 binaries for kubeadm, kubectl, kubelet, and kube-proxy can be found under the CHANGELOG link.

Networking Configuration

Once you have a Linux-based Kubernetes master node you are ready to choose a networking solution. This guide illustrates using Flannel in VXLAN mode for simplicity.

Configuring Flannel in VXLAN mode on the Linux controller

  1. Prepare Kubernetes master for Flannel

    Some minor preparation is recommended on the Kubernetes master in our cluster. It is recommended to enable bridged IPv4 traffic to iptables chains when using Flannel. This can be done using the following command:

    sudo sysctl net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables=1

  2. Download & configure Flannel

    Download the most recent Flannel manifest:

    wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml

    There are two sections you should modify to enable the vxlan networking backend:

    After applying the steps below, the net-conf.json section of kube-flannel.yml should look as follows:

    net-conf.json: |
    {
      "Network": "10.244.0.0/16",
      "Backend": {
        "Type": "vxlan",
        "VNI" : 4096,
        "Port": 4789
      }
    }
    Note: The VNI must be set to 4096 and port 4789 for Flannel on Linux to interoperate with Flannel on Windows. Support for other VNIs is coming soon. See the VXLAN documentation for an explanation of these fields.

  3. In the net-conf.json section of your kube-flannel.yml, double-check:

    1. The cluster subnet (e.g. “10.244.0.0/16”) is set as per your IP plan.
      • VNI 4096 is set in the backend
      • Port 4789 is set in the backend
    2. In the cni-conf.json section of your kube-flannel.yml, change the network name to vxlan0.

    Your cni-conf.json should look as follows:

    cni-conf.json: |
    {
      "name": "vxlan0",
      "plugins": [
        {
          "type": "flannel",
          "delegate": {
            "hairpinMode": true,
            "isDefaultGateway": true
          }
        },
        {
          "type": "portmap",
          "capabilities": {
            "portMappings": true
          }
        }
      ]
    }

  4. Apply the Flannel yaml and Validate

    Let’s apply the Flannel configuration:

    kubectl apply -f kube-flannel.yml

    Next, since the Flannel pods are Linux-based, apply a NodeSelector patch, which can be found here, to the Flannel DaemonSet pod:

    kubectl patch ds/kube-flannel-ds-amd64 --patch "$(cat node-selector-patch.yml)" -n=kube-system

    After a few minutes, you should see all the pods as running if the Flannel pod network was deployed.

    kubectl get pods --all-namespaces

    The output looks like as follows:

    NAMESPACE     NAME                                      READY        STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
kube-system   etcd-flannel-master                       1/1          Running   0          1m
kube-system   kube-apiserver-flannel-master             1/1          Running   0          1m
kube-system   kube-controller-manager-flannel-master    1/1          Running   0          1m
kube-system   kube-dns-86f4d74b45-hcx8x                 3/3          Running   0          12m
kube-system   kube-flannel-ds-54954                     1/1          Running   0          1m
kube-system   kube-proxy-Zjlxz                          1/1          Running   0          1m
kube-system   kube-scheduler-flannel-master             1/1          Running   0          1m

    Verify that the Flannel DaemonSet has the NodeSelector applied.

    kubectl get ds -n kube-system

    The output looks like as follows. The NodeSelector beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux is applied.

    NAME              DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   NODE SELECTOR                                               AGE
kube-flannel-ds   2         2         2       2            2           beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux   21d
kube-proxy        2         2         2       2            2           beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux                                 26d

Join Windows Worker

In this section we’ll cover configuring a Windows node from scratch to join a cluster on-prem. If your cluster is on a cloud you’ll likely want to follow the cloud specific guides in the next section.

Preparing a Windows Node

Note: All code snippets in Windows sections are to be run in a PowerShell environment with elevated permissions (Admin).

  1. Install Docker (requires a system reboot)

    Kubernetes uses Docker as its container engine, so we need to install it. You can follow the official Docs instructions, the Docker instructions, or try the following recommended steps:

    Enable-WindowsOptionalFeature -FeatureName Containers
Restart-Computer -Force
Install-Module -Name DockerMsftProvider -Repository PSGallery -Force
Install-Package -Name Docker -ProviderName DockerMsftProvider

    If you are behind a proxy, the following PowerShell environment variables must be defined:

    [Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable("HTTP_PROXY", "http://proxy.example.com:80/", [EnvironmentVariableTarget]::Machine)
[Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable("HTTPS_PROXY", "http://proxy.example.com:443/", [EnvironmentVariableTarget]::Machine)

    After reboot, you can verify that the docker service is ready with the command below.

    docker version

    If you see error message like the following, you need to start the docker service manually.

    Client:
 Version: 17.06.2-ee-11
 API version: 1.30
 Go version: go1.8.7
 Git commit: 06fc007
 Built: Thu May 17 06:14:39 2018
 OS/Arch: windows / amd64
error during connect: Get http://%2F%2F.%2Fpipe%2Fdocker_engine/v1.30/version: open //./pipe/docker_engine: The system c
annot find the file specified. In the default daemon configuration on Windows, the docker client must be run elevated to
connect. This error may also indicate that the docker daemon is not running.

    You can start the docker service manually like below.

    Start-Service docker
    Note: The “pause” (infrastructure) image is hosted on Microsoft Container Registry (MCR). You can access it using “docker pull mcr.microsoft.com/k8s/core/pause:1.2.0”. The DOCKERFILE is available at https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/sig-windows-tools/tree/master/cmd/wincat.

  2. Prepare a Windows directory for Kubernetes

    Create a “Kubernetes for Windows” directory to store Kubernetes binaries as well as any deployment scripts and config files.

    mkdir c:\k

  3. Copy Kubernetes certificate

    Copy the Kubernetes certificate file $HOME/.kube/config from the Linux controller to this new C:\k directory on your Windows node.

    Tip: You can use tools such as xcopy, WinSCP, or this PowerShell wrapper for WinSCP to transfer the config file between nodes.

  4. Download Kubernetes binaries

    To be able to run Kubernetes, you first need to download the kubelet and kube-proxy binaries. You download these from the Node Binaries links in the CHANGELOG.md file of the latest releases. For example ‘kubernetes-node-windows-amd64.tar.gz’. You may also optionally download kubectl to run on Windows which you can find under Client Binaries.

    Use the Expand-Archive PowerShell command to extract the archive and place the binaries into C:\k.

Join the Windows node to the Flannel cluster

The Flannel overlay deployment scripts and documentation are available in this repository. The following steps are a simple walkthrough of the more comprehensive instructions available there.

Download the Flannel start.ps1 script, the contents of which should be extracted to C:\k:

cd c:\k
[Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [Net.SecurityProtocolType]::Tls12
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Microsoft/SDN/master/Kubernetes/flannel/start.ps1 -o c:\k\start.ps1
Note: start.ps1 references install.ps1, which downloads additional files such as the flanneld executable and the Dockerfile for infrastructure pod and install those for you. For overlay networking mode, the firewall is opened for local UDP port 4789. There may be multiple powershell windows being opened/closed as well as a few seconds of network outage while the new external vSwitch for the pod network is being created the first time. Run the script using the arguments as specified below:
cd c:\k
.\start.ps1 -ManagementIP <Windows Node IP> `
  -NetworkMode overlay `
  -ClusterCIDR <Cluster CIDR> `
  -ServiceCIDR <Service CIDR> `
  -KubeDnsServiceIP <Kube-dns Service IP> `
  -LogDir <Log directory>
Parameter Default Value Notes
-ManagementIP N/A (required) The IP address assigned to the Windows node. You can use ipconfig to find this.
-NetworkMode l2bridge We’re using overlay here
-ClusterCIDR 10.244.0.0/16 Refer to your cluster IP plan
-ServiceCIDR 10.96.0.0/12 Refer to your cluster IP plan
-KubeDnsServiceIP 10.96.0.10
-InterfaceName Ethernet The name of the network interface of the Windows host. You can use ipconfig to find this.
-LogDir C:\k The directory where kubelet and kube-proxy logs are redirected into their respective output files.

Now you can view the Windows nodes in your cluster by running the following:

kubectl get nodes
Note: You may want to configure your Windows node components like kubelet and kube-proxy to run as services. View the services and background processes section under troubleshooting for additional instructions. Once you are running the node components as services, collecting logs becomes an important part of troubleshooting. View the gathering logs section of the contributing guide for further instructions.

Public Cloud Providers

Azure

AKS-Engine can deploy a complete, customizable Kubernetes cluster with both Linux & Windows nodes. There is a step-by-step walkthrough available in the docs on GitHub.

GCP

Users can easily deploy a complete Kubernetes cluster on GCE following this step-by-step walkthrough on GitHub

Deployment with kubeadm and cluster API

Kubeadm is becoming the de facto standard for users to deploy a Kubernetes cluster. Windows node support in kubeadm will come in a future release. We are also making investments in cluster API to ensure Windows nodes are properly provisioned.

Next Steps

Now that you’ve configured a Windows worker in your cluster to run Windows containers you may want to add one or more Linux nodes as well to run Linux containers. You are now ready to schedule Windows containers on your cluster.

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